Context of Communication Essay

Explain how to adapt communication with children and young people for: Building relationships is important in children and young people. You need to adapt your behaviour and communication accordingly. Assessing the situation and environment you are in. It is important that children in all situations feel secure and have a sense of value from you. Your interaction with them should show this. You need to be able to create a positive relationship with children and young people this in turn will create a positive relationship, which will allow them to feel, accepted as part of the school community. Age of a child or young person. Different ages will require different levels of attention. It is up to you to be able to differentiate the different levels. A younger child may need assurance and more physical contact rather than an older child. As a child matures the physical contact is reduced and instead there is an increase level of confidence needed. They will need more help in expressing their opinions and thought’s across as well as involving themselves in discussion. Adapting your vocab is a good way to help progress in these levels as well as your response. Reacting positively by listening and responding to them accurately will help in their progress of effective communication. The context of communication You need to be aware of different situations such as age, place etc. you will need to adapt the communication to this situation. Being aware of children/young adults’ level of development and understanding of cognitive and language ability. When starting to talk to child/young person it is usually best to try and talk about them about something they like. For example talk to them about football, music or computer games. When talking about something they know it is makes them feel more comfortable when talking to you. As well you can talk to them about hobbies, interests, friends and family which will hopefully let you know some of things they do at home and outside of school. This will make it easier to start a conversation off by asking about a family member or what a certain activity was like. Making the child/young person talk to you in friendly way. But it is important to remember though that you are not the child/young person friend or parent you have to always be clear a bout your role.

Explain the reasons for the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s Essay

In this essay I will be showing the reasons for why the Soviet-Split happened in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1959 a treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance was established and was signed by soviet Russia and Peoples Republic of China. Whilst Russia had the Technology the Chinese could offer the man power to support this which seemed like a perfect partnership. This treaty was about Russia and China sharing ideas and technologies together but Russia often refused to share there knowledge of such things such as the A-bomb and the fact that the soviets didn’t offer assistance when China had their confrontation with Taiwan in 1958 and India in 1959, the Chinese were again disappointed with the Soviet response. From the Chinese perspective, the U.S.S.R. seemed to be promoting its own national agenda and losing sight of the shared ideals and goals of Communism. The Sino-Soviet relationship was strained as tension between the two countries began to grow. Because of these reasons the split was obvious by the end of 1950s. The leaders of the union were alarmed at Mao’s hatred of America and they refused to help China develop there own atom bomb. China did manage to blow her first A-Bomb in 1964 followed by an H-bomb in 1969. This was all accomplished without soviet Aid. Mao seemed to advocate a nuclear war on the enemies of the communists. During the 1950s the Chinese leader Mao thought that China was being used as a Soviet satellite and rather than an equal partners which was stated in the treaty. It was clear that Mao and Khrushchev had different ideas on Communism and Capitalism because in one of Mao statements he noted that â€Å"I talked about the danger of nuclear war with a foreign leader. He believed that if a nuclear war was fought the whole of mankind would be killed. I said that if the worst came to the worst and half of mankind died the other half would remain while capitalism would have been smashed and the whole world would become communists.† This statement shows that Mao was confident in the fact that Communism would flourish if the world was drawn into a nuclear war. Khrushchev said that: â€Å"Anyone who thinks that communism can be advanced by war belongs in the lunatic asylum.† Khrushchev statement tells us that Communism could never be achieved no matter what happened in the world. These Statements by both leaders tells us that when they signed the treaty they were going to complete there own goals no matter want so overall the treaty was nothing more than a sham. The suspicions that China had against the soviets was supported greatly in the year of 1959 when Khrushchev went to the United States to have meeting with President Eisenhower. China viewed this as a betrayal of the Communist plan and that it was an attempt for worldwide revolution. This had a very important part in the crumble of the Sino-Soviet split because China wanted to be communist and not be part of the worldwide revolution which the United States of America wanted. Overall this was part of a long term effect on the Sino soviet split. Short effects that made a small contribution to the Sino-Soviet split were that the soviets made fun of the fact that China was not able to handle the technologies that Russia had. For example: â€Å"How can the Chinese be qualified to manufacture nuclear weapons when they eat watery soup out of a common bowl and do not even have trousers to wear.† These statement made by the soviets is clearly mocking the Chinese because it states that they are not advanced enough to handle the technologies. Because of this the Chinese did not receive the bomb and of course broke the treaty yet again adding more conflict between Russia and China. On 16 July 1960, the U.S.S.R. withdrew all its specialists and technical advisors from China. Though the quality of the relationship between the two countries had been slowly declining for years, this recall of personnel is often considered the definitive moment for dissolution of Sino-Soviet cooperation. This was seen as a big turning point in the cold because the threat to the United States was diminished. During the year of 1969 the governments accused each other of provoking incidents along the border that separated China and Russia from each other. This disputed territory was surrendered to Russia in 1858 and 1860; When China was to weak to fight back and had to surrender it. The tension has been building up since and each side has armed forces on it. This clash had been threatened to brake out in 1969. Between March and August, in a series of incidents, Shots had been fired between the border guards and some guards got shot as a result of this. Each of the countries accused each other of being the aggressor and for a time there seemed to be a danger of a full scale war. Because of this incident war seemed imminent but war was averted and became a close call between the tensions that the countries shared against each other. In conclusion I thought that the Sino-Soviet split was predictable. There was too many differences in there believes and ways of life’s for the treaty to stay together through the years. This could have been different if there were different leaders in charge of the countries and the communist and capitalist parties.

The Last Night (from Charlotte Gray)

Compare and contrast the ways in which adults and children are presented in the extract. The adults and children are presented differently in the extract through their actions, reactions and feelings. This extract deals with the helplessness of being sent to a concentration camp, conveying the effects of the departure on them, the adult’s powerlessness to the event, and the children’s resistance. In the extract, the adults are presented as being aware of what was going on, and of their current situation. They know where they’re going, and what it’s like in concentration camps. They are completely aware of their fate, yet they did not resist it, or try to prevent it from happening. Although they did not do anything significant to try and change their horrific fate in the concentration camps, in their minds, they were trying to stop it from occurring, by refusing to drink coffee. That is significant because the coffee means a lot more than just coffee for drinking. It meant ‘breakfast, and therefore the departure. ’ By refusing to drink coffee, it meant they didn’t have breakfast yet, and therefore their departure is belated. The adults are also portrayed as being restless and powerless, it could be because they’re scared, or maybe because they know they can’t do anything, and have accepted their fate. This makes me as a reader feel sympathy for the adults as they have no choice and are unable to control their life and fate. The writer used strong adjectives to describe the state the adults in, it helps the reader sympathise with the adults and understand their feelings, provoking a sense of grief. The writer used adjectives such as ‘sobbing passion’ to describe the state in which some of the adults wrote their letters back home in. It makes the reader visualise that, and almost hear it. This conveys sorrow, as they are sobbing passionately, meaning it’s deep and from the bottom of their hearts. As a reader, I find that very touching, and it makes me feel some of their sorrow, like it was my own. The writer also described the adult’s actions and feelings in such a way; it will leave an impact on the reader, and making it unforgettable. ‘The way in which they were remembered, depended upon their choice of words. ’ I find that quite ironic, as the writer’s words and how he described this is memorable. This provokes a sense of sympathy from the reader, as this portrays restlessness, and that the adults have given in and accepted their fate, without fighting back. It also provokes a sense of sadness, as the adults do not want to be forgotten by their families, just as the writer does not want them to be forgotten by us. It sounds final. On the other hand, the children are ignorant and do not fully understand the situation. They are only aware of the fact that they are going to a concentration camp, but do not understand the horrors of that. That makes the reader feel pity for the children. Unlike the adults, they are resistant to this, and try to stop it. ‘In the filthy straw they dug their heels and screamed. ’ The reactions of the children portray the simplicity of their minds, and how to them this is a normal journey; not a fateful one. This is also shows by ‘their ability to fall asleep where they lay, to dream of other places. ’ That is also quite ironic, as the place they are going to, is a nightmare rather than a dream. The children are also left with nothing, but each other, ‘Jacob’s limbs were intertwined with his for warmth. This conveys how little they have, and how they count on each other, despite their young age. They don’t even have heat to keep warm, so they rely on each other for that. This makes me feel pity for these children as a reader. The children are also thankful for what little they have, ‘One of the older boys embraced her in his gratitude, but the bucket was soon empty. ’ This convey s misfortune, and makes the reader feel pity for them. ‘Some of the children were too small to manage the step up and had to be helped on by gendarmes,’ this shows how young they are; they are unable to get on the platform of the bus. This portrays the unjust and cruelty of the situation, little children who are unable to get on the platform of the bus are being sent to concentration camps, to face the most horrific times of their lives at such an age. They will be forever psychologically scarred. The adults and children are presented in completely different ways, yet we sympathise for both. As they are both about to face the same thing, except the children don’t know what they’re going to face. As a reader I sympathise for the children more, as they are innocent and young, and do not deserve to go through such a thing at a young age.

Salem Trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Salem Trials - Essay Example To defend themselves from the punishment and excommunication of their religion, they had to admit that they were unaware of what they have done and that some witch cast a spell upon them and made them do such kind of things. An act that was born out of curiosity and adventure now turned into a general crisis. Upon realizing this story, the authorities took action by demanding that the girls give out names, thus 19 people were accused. Similarly, history seemed to have repeated itself in the guise of cold war when the conflict between USSR and USA erupted. Due to ideological differences, the communistic Russia compounded several reasons to cause apprehension among Americans. Both countries began to question their subject's loyalty and considered everyone a threat to their liberty. In America, a massive hunt for communist began. The HUAC campaign of John McCarthy "expounded fiery anti-Communist diatribes in print and in the new medium of television" (Boyer. 1985). What started as mere rivalry of powers, turned into a dark cloud of suspicion above everyone, and so began the espionage mission to address the impending threat to national security. The arrest, prosecution and execution of the Rosenbergs started the massive hunt for treacherous act which denotes how suspicions play a role in one's decision over the inherent right to be heard and to live freely. The announcement of those who were suspected to have communi stic inclinations working inside the government extended far into the strata of prominent actors, producers, academes, and scientists, where no one was excluded and no amount of heroism and bravery could restrain its deadly repercussions. Likewise in this era, there was also this looming suspicion as to the possession of nuclear weapon, a powerful arm set for massive destruction and even to the demise of mankind. There are several angles whereby the Salem witch trial ran in parallel with, the Cold War and Arms Race, and this is most clear in the area of power, more particularly in the aspect of subordination and the exercise of authority. The central theme of this paper is to point out the aspects in which all three are parallel and why they are considered as such. The Parallels in the aspect of a socialist view The commonalities in Salem trials, the cold war and arms race, lies in the nature where the unfounded skepticisms triggered enormous abuse to mankind, denying the inherent right to live and defend life. The Salem witch trial is congruent to both cold wars and arms race is the sense that each of them demonstrates the manipulation of the subordinates without paying any consideration to the subject's inherent right. All three stories defines the American culture of conformity, whereby one is forced to align his or her ideals according to what the standards say or what is generally accepted to be correct. Conformity, dictates that one is forced to follow if one does not want to be an outcast. In the Salem Witch trial, everyone conformed to the standards of their religion and because the practice of witch craft is deemed heretic by the church, then everyone who violates this standard ought to suffer punishment. Not one of those young children who accused 19 people of heresy took their wor d back for fear. No one dared defended the innocence of the accused for fear of being committing the

SEE BELOW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SEE BELOW - Essay Example evolutionary proposition since many thinkers have proposed that we would be better as a society and improve ourselves as human beings if there were no gods. Clearly a lot of violence and bloodshed in human history has been the result of devoted faith and confirmed adherence to certain viewpoints (the crusades come to mind as a good example). Yet at the same time, religion and the idea of god is a comforting thought to many people and simply overthrowing that idea is not an easy task nor could be done at the earliest convenience. It seems that the overthrow demanded and recommended by the noted authority has little to do with the will of god since a person’s freewill is not controlled by god in any way. Had Zeus been able to control the will of Prometheus, he would not have any need to chain him or imprison him in any way. With a simple snap of his fingers Zeus could have discovered anything he wanted. This shows that a person can revolt against god and the power of god would not extend to controlling his or her freewill. Clearly, there is no reconciliation between the will of Prometheus and the commands given by Zeus. Zeus as the character of god can hurt Prometheus, put him in chains, persuade him, send him messengers but can not get him to bend to his will unwillingly. Eventually, Zeus can even throw Prometheus into the abyss with a lightning bolt, yet he remains unable to control him the way he wanted to. Finally, the character of Prometheus is quite interesting since he appears to be defying Zeus for no apparent reason. It seems that the defiance is simply for the sake of defiance for he has nothing (for himself) to gain or lose by giving up the information demanded by Zeus. At the same time, he helps Io by giving her some good news about her future. Strangely enough, he seems completely unconcerned about his own future and his safety. The defiance exhibited by Prometheus is quite heroic and one can agree with his description of Zeus as a tyrant. However,

How to lie in Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to lie in Statistics - Essay Example I feel statistical information presents the facts as they are. The characteristics of the samples are made to show the characteristics of the entire population under study. The sample’s statistical results are generally assumed not to represent the characteristics of those who are not part of the population. For example, the $25,111 salary represents the average salary of people chosen for the statistical tests (such as people in Yale alone). However the $24,111 salary does not represent the people not chosen for the survey, such as the people working in Alaska (14). Likewise, the $25,111 average salary is true only for the time period when the statistical tests were undertaken. However, the $25,111 average salary may not be true when the same statistical tests were taken 30 years prior to the current Yale statistical tests. Likewise, a similar test conducted 20 years after the current statistical tests will generally show a different statistical finding (18). Interpreting the difference in the findings, the statistical findings should not be taken as occurring in ALL situations; to do so would be a lie. It is a lie because interpreting the statistical results is all-encompassing would be too twisted, exaggerating, oversimplified, or distorted. Sales people would use the average results of statistical test to convince the prospective buyers to purchase their wares; the sales persons are willing to lie to generate sales. Consequently, many buyers are persuaded by the statistical test results to buy the sales person’s products and services. The buyer wants to join the â€Å"band wagon† by buying what the average person wants to buy (103). I feel the author (9) correctly emphasized the statistical data can show the validity of the first sentence â€Å"There’s a mighty lot of crime around here†. However, such interpretations are subject to correction. For example, statistical data showing the number of crimes committed in one neig hborhood can be more persuasive to the leaders when compared to absence of statistical information on the same topic. In fact, the average person can easily draw up several theories based on common sense or statistical trends. However, the trends are high probabilities (not100 percent assurance) of future outcomes. Further, I correctly understand that statistical information correctly presents quantitative as well as qualitative figures as basis for decision making. The manager can base one’s expansion policy on the statistical figure stating there is a huge profit. However, the manager must beware of false statistical figures. The statistical computation of the gross profit figure may be based on erroneous data. Likewise, the manager must ensure that the mathematical computation of the statistical results is accurate (112). To ensure that statistical outcomes are reliable, the manager must determine if the there is no distortion or manipulation of the raw statistical data ga thered. Someone may have intentionally changed or manipulated the real statistical data to suit selfish or biased needs. The spoiled statistical data will generate unrealistic statistical findings. The unrealistic statistical findings will trigger unprofitable management decisions (133). I think statistics generally shows facts that are based on real outcomes. The records of the Connecticut Tumor Registry show that cancer survival has increased due to the

Contemporary Issues in Accounting and Finance Essay - 1

Contemporary Issues in Accounting and Finance - Essay Example They consider all this to create an enabling environment that favors their objectives (Jaiswal, 2013). The Standards of the Auditors Ready Ratios (2013) asserts that in the 21st century the European Union came up with an outline of how the auditors should conduct themselves. The outline consisted of the law that stated and guaranteed matters concerning the freedom of the assessors of the law (Kumar & Sharma, 2006, p.134). This was similar to the laws that govern the accountants. It is said that the accountants were given their laws that govern their operations. They were given by the internal profession of the accountants (Knapp, 2010, p.204). In order to promote the equality in the people and all the other professions the European Union issued a framework that was to govern the legal analyst (auditors) and ensure that they were in line with their operation, expectations and their rights. Even though, this did not concur with some stipulations from the international federation of acc ountants. This is because the accountants were entitled to some fundamental freedom and rights that ought not to be compromised. And each accountant had an obligation of independence and doing the right thing. The directives the European Union gave, differed with the directives the international ethics for accountancy (Buijink et al., 1996, p.66). According to Sharma (2012, p.14), the differences were seen and they did expect the law auditors to operate within their stipulations. In giving their outline, the union for accountants had in mind the idea of public interest. They were interested in the good of the people. But in essence the European Union found the laws quite strict for the auditors to withstand (Puttick et al., 2008, p.56). So it was a two way drive. If the law analyst happens to execute their duties within the provisions of the international accountants, the result will be a stronger system in the operation. This is because there were quite stricter provisions. And if they do there duties in the boundaries of the stipulations of the European Union, they will be bound to some freedom (Basu, 2010, p.134). Discussion According to Greene (2005, p.11), a debate about the freedom of the person when conducting and assessing the legal issues forms the basis of the story. It is from this that the general theme of the work is, â€Å"the obligation of auditing†. This discussion is majorly rotating about this question. The title about the auditor being independent comes out from the following discussion (Morris et al., 2009, p.309). Some of the good principals are now in place and should be in mind of the any auditor or accounting profession. Whenever the auditing is to happen, the outstanding statute is the objective of the auditor. In order to show the public, the people moderating and using the audit opinions in particular, the auditor is supposed to be independent. Before entering an agreement with the client; the auditor should ensure a peaceful environment and his independence (Volosin, 2008, p.14). According to Gupta (2004, .1247), the European Union argues that, by defining the key audit partner, it does not

Study of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Study of management - Essay Example Health insurers don’t need applicants to undergo a genetic test. The article from Forbes magazine (2008) states that the former president George Bush signed the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act (GINA) into law to prevent discrimination of people who receive genetic test by their employers. Weiss (2008) states that the genetic discrimination has its consequences for example if an employer used genetic test to access the cost of insurance to an employee it would discourage the rest of the employees from seeking the test (P. 224). In reference to the article, management theory that is for or against the article is libertarian theory. This means if an employer or any other equal employee is for the theory they are against genetic discrimination. If they are against the theory, they support genetic discrimination. The article from Forbes magazine has taught me that it is unethical and illegal for an employer to discriminate potential employees based on their genetic characteristics for example, color of skin gender or disability which does not affect the work performance. Employers too are to keep the confidential the medical information of their employees thus they may find themselves on the risk of legal charges. The article teaches about practicing business ethically by not discriminating potential employees just because they are genetically disordered. Every employee should be giving an equal chance to display their professionalism in an organization. The government has clearly stated that it’s illegal to judge the capability of someone using their genetic information. Moreover, the government also has banned the use of genetic testing to deny both health insurance and employment opportunities. Health insurers might not need one to undergo a genetic test, but the customer can volun teer (Analytica, 2008). In conclusion, I aim to apply what I have learnt in my practice, by not judging other employees according to their genetic disorder, rather than

Compare a modern (post mechanistic) management accounting technique Essay

Compare a modern (post mechanistic) management accounting technique with a traditional technique which has the same (or similar) objectives - Essay Example Management accounting deals with presentation of accounting information which assists the management of a business to come up with policies and also to facilitate the management in it normal activities (Bhattacharyya, 2011, p. 1). It is a process that involves identification, measurement, accumulation analysis, interpretation and communication of financial information that helps to facilitate planning, evaluating and controlling the activities and accountability of resources (Thukaram Rao, 2003, p. 1). For a long time, strategic management accounting was considered as a possible area of development that would boost the future contribution of management accounting. In the 1980, the United Kingdom Chartered Institute of Management Accountants ordered an inquiry that was to review the current state of the development of management accounting. The findings were consequently published in a report entitled Management Accounting: Evolution and Revolution which drew attention to strategic management accounting as an area for future development (Drury, 2008, p. 570). There are a number of new techniques that have been introduced that are aimed at making management accounting more relevant to the production methods that are used in the modern world. This management accounting methods include; strategy management accounting, life cycle costing, target costing and Kaizen among others (Collier and Agyei-Ampomah, 2008, p. 50). The traditional focus of management accounting was on the period after the product had passed the design and development stage and has gone into production so that it can be taken to the market for the consumers to buy (Collier and Agyei-Ampomah, 2008, p. 51). In traditional management accounting, the control procedures focused mainly on the manufacturing stage of the whole life associated with a product. Cost that were realized

Stakeholder and Governance Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stakeholder and Governance Analysis - Essay Example Its aim is to raise awareness on the dangers of the pandemic especially among the youths who are more vulnerable. The initiative is meant to promote quality health to all through the provision of clean and safe water to drink as well as awareness campaign against the spread of HIV/Aids. The main aim of the initiative is the fight against spread of HIV/Aids pandemic. The roundabout bolted on top of borehole was designed as a play power for the children hence they would be subconsciously consuming the Aids awareness information inscribed on the billboards while at play. They would be pumping clean and safe water for domestic use into the overhead tank which promotes better, quality health through the reduction of waterborne diseases and provision of water for vegetables. Stakeholders are often referred to as people who have interests in a certain project as well as those who are affected by that project. The major stakeholders in this case are the manufacturers of the roundabouts, local government, commercial advertisers, and children in particular as well as other ordinary members of the community who are beneficiaries of the project. Empowerment is mainly in the form of sponsorship from either the government or other charity organisations. The manufactures can be offered financial assistance for this noble cause by donor agencies such as NGOs. This would go a long way in establishing similar projects in many areas across the country. Stakeholders in the category of beneficiaries can be empowered through the provision of financial assistance that can be used to start small scale income generating projects that may improve the quality of their lives. Projects should be run by local community members who are the beneficiaries as a way of creating a sense of belonging such that they would utilise the project to the fullest extent inorder to achieve the desired goals. This initiative is meant to

Half Caste Essay Example for Free

Half Caste Essay The two poems I am going to compare are I am not that Woman by Kishwar Naheed and Half Caste by John Agard. Although these poems are essentially about different things, with I am not that woman being about a feminist and Half Caste about skin colour, underneath this they are both about being prejudiced against somebody for no real reason. The poem Half Caste begins with the words Excuse me standing on one leg Im half caste. This is an almost apologetic beginning to the poem, it immediately shows that being mixed race is seen as negative, and that the person is unsure of himself, because of this view. In contrast, I am not that Woman starts very strongly with the title words I am not that woman. This, although also creating a feel that women are being treated unfairly, shows that the person in this poem is far stronger in her views that it is unjust, and will not stand for it, whereas the beginning of the other poem leads us to believe that the person will put up with the unfair treatment. Half Caste then goes on to question why when picasso mix red and green is not a half caste canvas. This, as well as the example of the half caste symphony, by Tchaikovsky, is used because these also use half caste things but these are accepted, and even highly regarded. Therefore, the poet is reasoning that he shouldnt be discriminated against when there are lots of things that are mixed that the whites view in high esteem. He is asking why they arent treated in the same unfair way as he is. This could also have an ironic side, as he is pointing out that the whites are so prejudiced against mixed race people and yet some of the things that they hold in the very highest esteem are mixed colours. He carries on questioning in the above way, as though trying to find the answer as to why he is treated as different, when, as he points out, English weather is in their definition, half caste, i. e. mixed. It is a moment where the author shows his utter and complete bewilderment that the English can discriminate against him, when something that is so much a part of them, the weather, is half caste, and therefore, in their opinion, inferior. He cant understand why he is discriminated against by people who are actually linked to half caste things, just like himself. He is asking why he is treated unjustly when so many other things are mixed. Here there is also a play on words, with the weather being described as overcast and the poem being about a half caste person. This play again links the weather more strongly to being mixed as the word is very similar to half caste. I am not that Woman also goes on to talk about being treated unfairly because she was a woman, who would be thought of as inferior. It is also likely that she was black as she talks about custom and tradition which is generally more associated with black societies. However, we are shown in this poem that she has not just accepted it but has fought strongly for her right to be treated the same as everyone else. She says my voice cannot be smothered by stones. By describing how she has fought against prejudice, is it obvious that this woman, like the man in Half Caste, has been discriminated against. It also literally says that I was the one you hid in your walls of stone, which can be taken to mean that she wasnt allowed to do what she wanted but was controlled, which is a form of discrimination and prejudice. However, the difference between the two poems is that, in I am not that Woman, the person stayed strong and is succeeding despite it; where as the other person is struggling along complaining that it is not fair, and as explained in the previous paragraph, questioning why they are being treated like this. It seems that the person in Half Caste possibly only deals with the discrimination by being ironical, taking the idea of half caste to extreme examples to make it clear how foolish a thing it is to discriminate against someone for it. The person in I am not that Woman has not bothered with this, and has merely fought her way through the unpleasantness until she succeeded in breaking free. The two poems therefore show two very different ways of dealing with a similar situation. The next stanza in Half Caste says Ah looking at yu wid de keen half of mih eye. This coupled with other similar references in the stanza, again shows how he is worried and squashed down by the treatment he is receiving. It also makes the reader feel that he is trapped in a certain way and unable to use his whole self, simply because he is not accepted by the community. The word keen could also refer to the fact that he sees the white people completely clearly and can see them for what they are, in his view narrow minded and vicious people as they are unfairly prejudiced against him, and is not fooled by any exterior. He is quite clever enough to know the type of people they are and know what they are doing. I am not that Woman also makes several mentions to the idea of being confined by the way she is thought of. She tells us how she was crushed, bought and sold, and a commodity you traded in. However, the contrast between the two is again that the woman in this poem also mentions that light cannot be hidden in darkness and my voice cannot be smothered by stones. This creates a feeling in the reader that the woman is fighting and still believes that she will become somebody free and equal. Although she also was restricted she has fought to be released from her unfair treatment. The idea in the two poems is of the person who is treated badly being hampered while all the others are free, also has a difference in the way it is dealt with. In Half Caste we are told I offer yu half a hand which establishes the impression that the person is limited, because he is not the same, and cannot use all of himself. This leads us to the feeling that the people who are accepted in community are free to do what they want, especially as some of the references to famous people who also mix tell us that they are accepted as normal, where as the people who have not done something great, have to fit in as a white person and cannot be mixed as they are then hindered. In I am not that Woman we are given images of her hid in your walls of stone, which is again the image of being trapped because of who you are. It also mentions you roamed free as the breeze. This shows us very definitely that one person is restricted, while the ones that fit in, in this case men, in the other poem white people, are unbound. The difference is that in this poem she says chains cannot smother my fragrance. This shows that she still feels she could, and should, be free, and as a consequence, we are made to feel that she is becoming more and more so.

Definition of fallacy Essay Example for Free

Definition of fallacy Essay The author tries to distract the audience from the original issue by bringing up related but irrelevant issues. Usually the evidence can be used to support a closely related or similar conclusion. Explanation The author is placing information within the article that is irrelevant to the case. He is talking about Mr. Iqbal and the fact he is seeking discovery, which is likely to be critical for his claims to go forward. And then talking about how the government officials aren’t involved, intercepts. Mr. Iqbal is the center of this article, and everything within it is not entirely about him. They deter and talk about how the Bush administration is arguing that these government officials are innocent. â€Å"The issue in the Supreme Court is whether these high-ranking officials are protected from having to answer questions of this kind. The Bush administration argues that the officials were not sufficiently involved in the detention policies to be responsible for them. It also maintains that if top government officials were required to comply with such discovery requests, it would interfere with their ability to do their jobs. † Argument in Standard Form Point One: Bush administration insists the officials are not really involved. Point Two: That complying with discovery requests would interfere with their ability to do their jobs. So, the Bush administration should not give a feeble excuse for the government officials to get out of the discovery requests. 2. Name of fallacy Slippery Slope Definition of fallacy When the conclusion rests on an alleged chain reaction, and there is not sufficient reason to think that the chain reaction will actually take place. Explanation of fallacy Here, one is jumping from one thing to another on what may or has happened. What’s to say it will happen again? People can change; people can learn from their mistakes and never commit such a thing again. â€Å"The construction state is in some respects akin to the military-industrial complex in cold-war America (or the Soviet Union), sucking in the country’s wealth, consuming it inefficiently, growing like a cancer, and bequeathing both fiscal crisis and environmental devastation, commented Gavan McCormack, a professor at the Australian National University. The stimulus plans had the opposite effect of what was expected. Appalled at the country’s new deficits, Japanese consumers closed their wallets. † Argument in Standard Form Point One: The construction state is akin to the military-industrial complex in cold-war America (or the Soviet Union). Point Two: The stimulus plans had the opposite effect of what was expected. So, we should not outright assume things will repeat as they did in the past before anything has even been tried. 3. Name of fallacy Straw Man Definition of fallacy Ignores an actual position and presents a distorted, oversimplified or misrepresented version to make it easier to attack. Explanation of fallacy The author is saying that while the financial chaos has ruined sleep, our physical and human capital is unscathed? What does that mean? It’s a distorted message. Then the fact they talk about if it hasn’t changed, we haven’t suffered any capital loss. What if we have suffered some capital loss and the government simply will not let the public know about it? â€Å"This financial chaos has ruined our sleep but left our physical and human capital unscathed. We have the same productive capacity today we had a year ago. And if our capital hasn’t changed, we’ve suffered no overall capital loss. † Argument in Standard Form Point One: Financial chaos has ruined our sleep but has left our capital unscathed. Point Two: Since we have the same productive capacity today we had a year ago, we should have suffered no capital loss. So, financial chaos happened. It affected us in more ways than one. That’s it.

Apple Research and Innovation

Apple Research and Innovation HIRAL GOPIYANI Apple has been in the USA and world commercial center since 1975 and today it is one of the pioneers in innovation showcase in the USA. Some even say, Apple is for the most part Steven Jobs life as opposed to an organizations history. The Company offers its products worldwide through its on the web stores, its retail locations, its immediate deals drive, and outsider wholesalers, affiliates, and esteem included affiliates. The Organization pitches to shopper, little and moderate sized business, instruction, venture, government, and imaginative clients. The Company is focused on bringing the best individual figuring, convenient computerized music and versatile correspondence experience to buyers, and organizations. The Organizations business technique use its one of a kind capacity to outline and build up its own particular working framework, equipment, application programming. The Company accepts constant interest in innovative work to the advancement and improvement of creative pro ducts and Technologies. Apple is a multinational innovation organization that makes PC and PDAs in the superior class of the items. In this worry, the greatest achievement of the Apple Company was essentially worried with its advancement to get changes the items and fulfill the need of the necessities, needs and inclinations of the items. Encourage, the accomplishment of the Apple Company was likewise worried with its improvement of notoriety and brand name throughout the years at the worldwide level. In addition, the arrangements of principles to give most recent innovation consistently in the advanced cell classification were additionally an accomplishment of the Apple Company, for example, iPod, iTunes, and iPhone. Furthermore, every one of these executions of the Apple Company inside the association made an enormous client base and request of the PDAs These strategies of the Apple established a solid establishment of the nature of the innovation that pull in the greater part of the clients steadfastness and trust towards its innovation. On the opposite side, the greatest disappointment of the Apple Company was essentially worried with intermittent failings of haughtiness, and inward fighting. These circumstances diminish the deals and notoriety in the outer market. Facilitate, the nearsightedness was likewise one of the greatest elements of the Apple Company that lessens the request of the items by the clients and the greatest disappointment. Also, the iPhone classification by Smartphone that was essentially a top-notch class client did not pull in white-collar class clients or family to buy the products. Apples Success Back to its Culture The Apples accomplishment in the worldwide market is fundamentally connected straightforwardly back to its way of life where an abnormal state of administration took a choice about a large portion of the vital changes to fulfill the normal need and needs of the requested Apple ideas and items by the clients. Encourage, the outline and advancement of the items, for example, iPod, iTunes and iPhone in its inventive improvement of the innovative culture can be an example of overcoming adversity that changed the enthusiasm of the clients to be savvy with keen innovation. Encourage, the standards of sound administration of the association additionally added to the accomplishment of Apple comprehensively on the grounds that it keeps up a decent association with clients for long lasting. Moreover, the dedication of the Apple Company towards creation of the PCs can be likewise a win that brought an arrangement of standard in efficiency and execution with the clients and it is connected specifically back to its way of life of genuineness and steadfastness . In addition, the third era of new iPad can be characterized as coherence of the cell phones to pull in new clients consistently by presenting. It is a nature of Apple Company to present the smooth and easy to understand GUIs, and tidiness and additionally the effortlessness of the OS that is likewise an achievement of its way of life. Apple Actions apply to the TCOs Apple is fundamentally TCOs arranged Company that accentuates about administration and quality amid the item life cycle. Also, the Service and Quality of the Apple that gives general effects on the TCO is a key wonder on the planet to draw in clients. Assist, the high cost of the Apple items is additionally a piece of the TCOs activity in the aggressive commercial center. Promote, the enduring advancement and chips away at consumer loyalty course is the primary need of Apple in view of the training of the buyers towards innovation and mindfulness as a dependable band together with solid items. Besides, the activity of the Apple is likewise worried with continually puts out new updates to the product to evacuate snags. The nature of the results of Apple holds their estimation of the cost incredibly well; due to this individuals can offer the utilized Smartphone again to the following clients at profitable cost. The Apple products are loaded with expandable memory and individuals can build the smash and hard drive space as indicated by the need. The potentials of Apple have not been ideally exploited along these decades, instigating the requirement for change. Over the past decade, the organization has not enough addressed the requirement for diversification. In spite of that limited diversity of products and services enhances specialization and proficiency. This is in thought to the rapid increase in competition in the technology industry. Reference The Huffington Post. Retrieved http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ira-kalb/apple- -success-or-fa_b_8060310.html Retrieved http://www.itworld.com/article/2826944/it-management/apple-s-greatest-triumphs-and-worst-failures.html Steve Jobs. USA: The Obsession That Drives Apples Success

Tennis Ball Investigation :: Papers

Tennis Ball Investigation Aim: Investigate the factors that affect the bounce of a tennis ball. Key factors (variables): 1) Height of drop 2) Surface of bounce 3) Gravitational pull 4) Room temperature/ball temperature 5) Weight of ball 6) Material of ball 7) Brand of ball 8) Age/wear of ball 9) Size of ball 10) Force of drop/push How the key factors will affect the bounce: 1) The higher the drop the higher the bounce 2) The harder the surface the higher the bounce 3) The weaker the gravitational force the higher the bounce 4) The warmer the ball the higher the bounce 5) The lighter the ball the higher the bounce 6) Discontinual-unknown 7) Discontinual-unknown 8) The newer the ball the higher the bounce 9) The smaller the ball the higher the bounce 10) The more force put into the drop/push the higher the bounce I have chosen to investigate 1) Height of drop. Prediction ========== [IMAGE] I believe that the higher the height the ball is dropped from the higher the bounce, because when the ball is lifted the higher it is lifted the more energy is needed to lift it. Therefore more energy is converted from chemical potential energy in the body, to kinetic energy when the ball is being lifted, to gravitational potential energy (G.P.E) when the ball has been lifted to the height of the drop. The more G.P.E the ball has a the start of the drop (point A), the more energy is converted to kinetic energy while the ball is dropping and then to elastic potential energy (E.P.E) while it is static on the floor (point B). At this point the ball looses a percentage of its energy to sound and heating the floor. I know that it is a percentage of its energy that it looses rather than a fixed amount because I know that the more energy the ball has the louder the

Essay on the Manipulation of Polonius and Ophelia in Hamlet

The Manipulation of Polonius and Ophelia in Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚   The main plot of Shakespeare's Hamlet centers around Prince Hamlet's desire to repay King Claudius for his evil deeds. Around this central action revolve the stories concerning the minor characters of Polonius and Ophelia. Though they do not motivate Hamlet's actions towards the King, these characters act as forces upon Hamlet himself, trying to spur him to do things he does not want to do. Both Polonius and Ophelia try, unsuccessfully, to manipulate Hamlet into a place of inferiority.    In the first scene of Act II, Polonius and Ophelia discuss the meaning of Hamlet's odd behavior. Though the two characters agree his actions arise out of the torment of spurned love, they arrive at that point through very different means. At the beginning of the dialogue, Ophelia says that she has been "affrighted" by Hamlet in her bed chamber. (II,i 75) Her encounter with the Prince left her scared about his real intentions. She says that he looks like he has been,"loosed out of hell/To speak of horrors". (II,i 83-4) The very fact that Hamlet does not speak one word to Ophelia makes him look even more intimidating. By not speaking anything, Hamlet at once strengthens his image as a madman, as well as shrouding his real intentions towards those around him. Just following this passage comes a place in the text where we can see how the character of Ophelia has been manipulated by Polonius. After his "hint" that he might be doing this out of frustrated love, Ophelia says that that is wh at she truly does fear. (87) Her feelings of pity and concern are shaped by her father in order to fit his case of madness against Hamlet.    To further strengthen this situation, Polonius'... ...f the situation before he enters it, while Polonius and Ophelia must try to understand events as, or after they happen.    Works Cited Bradley, A.C. "Shakespeare's Tragic Period--Hamlet." Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Toronto: MacMillan, 1967. 79-174. Campbell, Lily B. Collected Papers Of Lily Campbell. NY: Russell, 1968. Lidz, Theodore.   Hamlet's Enemy: Madness and Myth in Hamlet.   Vision Press, 1975. MacKenzie, Agnes Mure.   The Women in Shakespeare's Plays.   London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1924. Northrop, Frye. "Hamlet." Northrop Frye on Shakespeare. Ed. Robert Sandler. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. 82-100. Oakes, Elizabeth. "Polonius, the Man behind the Arras: A Jungian Study." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. NY: AMS Press, 1994. 103-112.      

Chemical Warfare Essay -- essays research papers

Chem Warfare It was not until the early 1930's that German chemists observed that organo-phosphorus compounds could be poisonous. In 1934, Dr Gerhard Schrader, a chemist at IG Farben, was given the task of developing a pesticide. Two years later a phosphorus compound with extremely high toxicity was produced for the first time. According to contemporary regulations, discoveries with military implications had to be reported to the military authorities, which was also done with Schrader's discovery. This phosphorus compound, given the name tabun, was the first of the substances later referred to as nerve agents. A factory for production of the new CW agent was built and a total of 12 000 tonnes of tabun were produced during the years 1942-1945. At the end of the war the Allies seized large quantities of this nerve agent. Up to the end of the war, Schrader and his co-workers synthesized about 2 000 new organo-phosphorus compounds, including sarin (1938). The third of the "classic" nerve agents, soman, was first produced in 1944. These three nerve agents are known as G agents in the American nomenclature. The manufacture of sarin never started properly and up to 1945 only about 0.5 tonne of this nerve agent was produced in a pilot plant. Immediately after the war, research was mainly concentrated on studies of the mechanisms of the nerve agents in order to discover more effective forms of protection against these new CW agents. The resul...

Bell Rock Lighthouse Essay

5 WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR I. (i) The words ‘mind is without fear’ mean that one does not have any fear of oppression or compulsion. The poet is talking about the minds of the people of his country. He says so because his country was under the subjugation of the British, who perpetrated all sorts of oppression on his countrymen. (ii) The words ‘the head is held high’ mean to have self respect. The head is bowed down because of exploitation and oppression of the Indians by the British. It needs to be held high with pride and dignity which characterised the Indians before India was reduced to the status of a subjugated nation. (iii) By the words ‘Where knowledge is free’, the poet wants to say that in his country everyone should have the freedom to acquire knowledge without any restriction. The restrictions imposed on the spread of knowledge include the prejudices based on wealth, caste and religion. Further, the British imposed restrictions on the basis of the ruler (the British) and the ruled (the Indians). They curbed the freedom of speech and expression by putting restrictions on the Press. (iv) Due to the restrictions imposed on the spread of knowledge, people remained glued to their outdated customs and traditions and could not think rationally. (v) A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines divided into an octave (the ?rst eight lines) and a sestet (the last six lines). The octave presents an idea, raises an argument, makes a proposition or poses a problem, whereas the sestet gives a solution to the problem posed by the octave. The poem ‘Where the Mind is Without Fear’ comprises an octave, in which the poet talks about the wonderful qualities his countrymen must achieve to make their country free and heaven-like. Since this poem is only a part of the complete song in his Nobel Prize winning work, Gitanjali, we can say that this poem is a part of the complete sonnet. II. (i) According to the poet, the narrow domestic walls or divisions based on caste, class, colour, religion, creed, region and superstitions break up the world into fragments or mutually exclusive compartments. (ii) The narrow domestic walls refer to narrow local divisions created 6TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) by prejudices like caste, colour, creed, region and religion. They are called ‘narrow’ by the poet because they are based on age- old customs and traditions and not on the basis of rational thinking. (iii) The narrow domestic walls can harm the nation by creating divisions among people and thereby, undermining the unity and  integrity of the nation. (iv) The poet wants to say that his countrymen should be able to express themselves truthfully without any fear. He feels so because his countrymen at that time did not have freedom of expression as various restrictions were imposed on the freedom of speech and the Press by the British. (v) Examples of alliteration are: (a) Where the world (b) Where words (vi) The poet shows that he has a religious outlook by praying to God to let his country awake to a blissful heaven of freedom. III. (i) ‘Tireless striving’ means to work hard without getting tired to achieve perfection. The poet wants his countrymen to achieve  the highest goals, i. e. , freedom at all levels — political, religious, spiritual, moral and intellectual. (ii) Reasoning allows a person to have clarity of thoughts without being restricted by narrow domestic walls such as caste, colour, creed, religion, region and superstitions. That is why it has been compared to a clear stream which is free of all impurities. (iii) ‘Dreary desert sand of dead habit’ is a metaphor. Through this metaphor the poet wants to say that his countrymen should work for perfection in everything and should not be led astray from their goal in the dry desert of dead habits, i.e. , in a place where outdated customs and traditions are followed. (iv) According to the poet, the hurdles in achieving perfection include the outdated customs and traditions based on irrational thinking rather than sound reasoning and scienti? c thought. (v) The ? gure of speech in the third line of the given extract is a ‘metaphor’. For explanation refer to answer (iii) above. (vi) This poem by Rabindranath Tagore is taken from his original volume called Naibedya, which bears the title ‘Prarthana’, i. e. , prayer. In this poem, the poet prays to a universal father-? gure, i. e.  , God to let his country awake to a blissful heaven of freedom. Thus, the poem is a song of prayer. 7 IV. (i) ‘Thee’ refers to God. (ii) The mind of the poet’s countrymen is to be led forward to the ‘heaven of freedom’, i. e. , to an ideal state where there is total freedom at all levels — political, religious, spiritual, moral and intellectual. (iii) The phrase ‘Heaven of freedom’ means an ideal state, where the poet wants the Almighty to lead his countrymen to. The three qualities required to be able to attain the heaven of freedom include: (a) there is no oppression and people can hold their heads high in self-respect. (b) there are no prejudices based on caste, colour, creed, religion, region and superstitions. (c) people should work tirelessly to attain perfection in everything by following scienti? c thought and rational thinking, without being led to follow obsolete traditions and customs. (iv) ‘Father’ in the above extract is a reference for God. He will awake the country by leading the poet’s countrymen to a heavenly state where there are all kinds of freedom and where they can hold their heads high in self-respect, without any fear of oppression or compulsion. (v) The poet prays for his country to attain all kinds of freedom —  political, religious, spiritual, moral and intellectual. And only then it will attain the blissful heaven of freedom, an ideal state where his countrymen would be able to hold their heads high in self-respect, will not have a blurred vision based on prejudices and work tirelessly to attain perfection in every sphere of life. I. (i) The Inchcape rock is referred to in the extract. The rock lay hidden in the sea off the east coast of Scotland. It sometimes remained hidden under sea water during the high tide. (ii) The words ‘surge’s swell’ mean the sea-waves moved up and down and rose high due to the in? uence of tides. The warning  bell refers to the bell placed on the Inchcape rock by the Abbot of Aberbrothok, to give a warning to the sailors about the danger from the rock. The warning bell was placed on a buoy and during high tides the movement of waves made the buoy to ? oat and in turn rang the bell and warned the sailors. THE INCHCAPE ROCK 8TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) (iii) The Rock was said to be perilous because many ships had been wrecked by it when it remained covered by sea water during a high tide. Sir Ralph’s ship struck against the Inchcape Rock and drowned in the sea. (iv) The Head monk of a monastery or church is known as an  Abbot. The mariners blessed the Abbot Aberbrothok because he placed a bell on the Inchcape Rock, which gave a warning to the mariners about the perilous rock and thus, saved them and their ships from drowning. (v) A ballad is a long narrative poem that tells a story. It is a heightened narration that uses narrative technique like rhyme and ? gures of speech. The two elements of ballad in the given extract are the following: (a) The rhyming pattern followed in this extract is aabb (Swell- Bell; Rock-Aberbrothok). (b) There is a repetition of consonant sound at the beginning of words (alliteration) to facilitate narration: 1. †¦.. surge’s swell 2. †¦.. then they II. (i) Sir Ralph was a rover or a sea pirate. He was a wicked and jealous man. (ii) The pleasant day in the spring season made the Rover sing. But the real reason was that in a such calm atmosphere he would be able to carry out his wicked plan of defaming the Abbot of Aberbrothok by cutting off the bell from the Inchcape Rock and thereby, loot the wealth from the shipwrecks. The given lines mean that the Rover’s heart was extremely joyful but his joy was due to his wicked plan. (iii) The Rover saw the buoy of the Inchcape Rock like a dark speck on the green ocean. He asked his sailors to lower the boat and row him to the Inchcape Rock. (iv) The Rover wanted to go near the Inchcape Rock to cut off the warning bell to spoil the fame and reputation of the Abbot of Aberbrothok, who has placed the bell there and to loot the wealth from the shipwrecks. (v) The Rover was in a joyful mood in the extract. His joyful mood is re? ected in the extract by his act of whistling and singing. At the end of the poem, the Rover was in a mood of despair and frustration. 9 III. (i) The boatmen rowed the boat to the Inchcape Rock. (ii) The Rover cut off the bell from the Inchcape Rock. He did so out of jealousy and self-interest. He wanted to spoil the fame and reputation of the Abbot of Aberbrothok, who has placed the bell there. It would also allow him to easily loot the wealth from the shipwrecks, caused by the Inchcape Rock. (iii) The Rover’s act of cutting the bell from the Inchcape Rock led to the collision of his ship with the rock and ? nally, the drowning of the ship with the Rover. (iv) After performing the wicked deed of cutting the bell from Inchcape Rock, the Rover said that from then onwards the mariners who used to thank the Abbot would no longer thank him. (v) The Abbot of Aberbrothok had kept the bell there. The bell was placed on the ? oat because the movement of the ? oat during the high tide would make the bell ring and warn the sailors of the danger from the rock. (vi) The sailors, passing by earlier, blessed the Abbot of Aberbrothok for placing the warning bell on the Inchcape Rock and thereby, saving them from the perilous rock. IV. (i) The Rover sailed away from the Inchcape Rock. He became rich by looting the wealth from the ships that struck against the Inchcape Rock. (ii) After amassing wealth, the Rover was sailing towards the shore  of Scotland. (iii) When the Rover was sailing, there was a thick haze over the atmosphere and no sun in the sky. There were strong winds and darkness all around. The weather conditions predicted that ?nally the Rover would meet his end in the sea. (iv) The Rover was a wicked man who was jealous of the fame and reputation of the Abbot of Aberbrothok. That is why he carried out his wicked plan of cutting off the warning bell on the Inchcape Rock, placed there by the Abbot. He was a robber who became rich by looting the wealth from the shipwrecks. (v) The Abbot was a kind and compassionate man, who placed a  warning bell on the Inchcape Rock to forewarn the sailors about the danger to their ships from the perilous rock. The Rover, on the other hand, was a jealous and wicked man, who cut off the warning bell on the Inchcape Rock to defame the Abbot and to loot the wealth from the shipwrecks. V. (i) When the Rover and his sailors were going towards the shore of Scotland, the weather was bad, with a thick haze over the atmosphere, no Sun in the sky and strong winds. THE INCHCAPE ROCK 10 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) (ii) The words â€Å"the breakers roar† mean the roaring of the sea waves, i. e. , the sound made when the sea waves break on the  shore. The breakers roar normally signify a high tide when the sea waves surge up and down with a great force. (iii) The sailors wished that they could hear the Inchcape Rock. The ringing of the bell would have indicated the presence of the perilous rock and thus saved the ship from colliding with it. (iv) The sailors could not see any land on the way to Scotland’s shore because of bad weather. There was a thick haze in the atmosphere and total darkness in the absence of the Sun in the sky. Sir Ralph was optimistic that the weather would improve by night when the moon would rise in the sky. (v) In the absence of the Inchcape Bell, no warning sound was heard by the sailors and the vessel struck against the Inchcape Rock. VI. (i) They could not hear any sound due to the absence of the warning bell on the Inchcape Rock, which the Rover had cut off. If the sailors had heard the normal expected sound of the warning bell from the Inchcape Rock, they would have saved the ship from striking against the rock. (ii) (a) the swell is strong: there are strong waves in the sea. (b) They drifted along: They moved slowly towards the shore. (iii) The vessel struck against the Inchcape Rock. It was a shivering  shock because the ship collided with the rock and the waves from all sides began to engulf it. (iv) Sir Ralph was in a state of despair and shock when he realised that his ship had struck against the Inchcape Rock. In his frustration, he pulled his hair and cursed himself. Sir Ralph’s ship struck the very rock from which he had removed the warning bell and sank in the sea. (v) Sir Ralph was a sea pirate. He was a wicked and jealous man. He used to loot wealth from the ships that fatally crashed against the Inchcape Rock. But when the Abbot of Aberbrothok placed a warning bell, he cut off the bell to defame the good Abbot  and put the other helpless sailors into trouble. However, he got caught in his own trap of mischief when his ship struck against the Inchcape Rock and sank in the sea alongwith him. (vi) The moral conveyed through this poem is—As you sow, so shall you reap. The Rover cut off the bell from the Inchcape Rock, but his own ship struck against the very Rock because of the absence of any warning sound and sank in the sea. 11 VII. (i) The Rover could hear the sound of his sinking ship, which seemed to him like the sound made by the Inchcape Bell. The sound was dreadful because there was no chance of surviving  the shipwreck. (ii) The sound of the Inchcape Bell was a forewarning of the danger from the perilous rock to the sailors and was thus life-saving. The dreadful sound, on the other hand was that of the sinking ship that signalled the end of Sir Ralph. Therefore, it appeared to be like a funeral bell being run by the Devil himself. (iii) The Devil below was ringing his knell mean that the sound which Sir Ralph was hearing appeared to him like the sound of the Inchcape bell. But actually the sound was that of the sinking ship. (iv) Sir Ralph, the Rover cut off the warning bell, which the Abbot of  Aberbrothok had planted on the Inchcape Rock as a forewarning to the sailors. But Sir Ralph’s own ship struck against the very rock due to the absence of any forewarning sound and drowned in the sea with Sir Ralph. Thus, the evil that Sir Ralph plotted for the Abbot and the other sailors, recoiled on him. (v) The Inchcape Rock is a ballad comprising adventure, valour and jealousy. Sir Ralph, the pirate, went on an adventure trip on the sea with his sailors. He had the valour to take the risk of cutting off the bell from the Inchcape Rock, which the Abbot of Aberbrothok had placed there to warn the sailors. He did this wicked act out of jealousy as he could not accept the popularity of the good Abbot and wanted to defame him. He also did so because of sel? sh motive as he used to make wealth by looting money from the ships that crashed after striking against the Inchcape Rock. I. (i) The merchants are in the bazaars of Hyderabad. They are selling their goods in the market. The words ‘Richly displayed’ mean that the goods to be sold in the market have been beautifully displayed by the merchants to attract the buyers. (ii) The goods on sale in this market included crimson and silver  turbans, purple brocade tunics, mirrors framed in brownish yellow colour and daggers with handles of jade. (iii) The poet begins the stanza with a question to elicit an answer from the vendors about the goods they are selling. This pattern IN THE BAZAARS OF HYDERABAD 12 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) of question-answer is used to bring out the splendour of the traditional bazaars of Hyderabad. The poet has used repetition as well as lyrics full of vibrant and colourful images to describe the scene. (iv) (a) Mirrors with panels of amber mean the mirrors having frames of brownish and yellow colour. (b) Scabbards of gold for the king mean sheaths of gold for the King to keep his swords in. (v) The King and his nobles are the likely customers of tunics of purple brocade and daggers with handles of jade. (vi) The visual imagery is stimulated by mentioning the various hues of colours in this stanza like silver, crimson, purple, amber and jade. II. (i) Chessmen are the pieces deployed on a chessboard for playing the game of chess. Ivory dice refers to small cubes made of ivory, having six sides numbered by dots from one to six. These are used to play games. (ii) Saffron, lentil, rice, sandalwood, henna and spices are sold by  weight, whereas chessmen and ivory dice are sold by numbers. (iii) The sellers of various goods in the bazaars of Hyderabad are referred to as vendors and merchants. The sellers, who go about from place to place with their goods for sale are called the pedlars. (iv) Food items included saffron, lentil and rice. Cosmetic items included sandalwood and henna and the recreational items included chessmen and ivory dice. (v) The senses of sight are stimulated in this extract by the various colours of the items like saffron, lentil, rice, sandalwood, henna and various spices. The sense of taste is produced by the mention  of staple Indian food like lentil and rice and spices. III. (i) The jeweller’s shop is referred to in the extract. ‘Girdles of gold’ mean ornamental belt made of gold worn round the waist by the dancers. ‘Scabbards of gold’ refer to the sheaths of gold for the king to keep his swords in. (ii) The items of gold on sale included ornaments like wristlets, anklets, rings, belts of gold worn by the dancers and sheaths for swords used by the kings. The gold jewellery reveals that both the owners and the buyers belonged to the wealthy sections of the society. 13 (iii) Bells were tied to the feet of blue pigeons as ornaments as well  as identity marks. Sheaths of gold were used by the kings, girdles (belts) were used by dancers and wristlets, anklets and rings were used by other people. (iv) â€Å"Frail as a dragon-? y’s wing† means as delicate as the wings of a dragon-? y. Frail is an apt description for describing the delicateness of the bells tied to the feet of blue pigeons. (v) The poet has described the Indian goods at the Indian bazaars for two reasons: (a) to depict the splendour of Indian bazaars which beckon the customers with their sounds, scents and goods. (b) to extoll the Indians to buy Swadeshi goods and boycott  foreign goods. IV. (i) The fruits included lemons, pomegranates and plums, whereas the musical instruments included sitar, sarangi and drum. (ii) The poet asks the musicians what musical instruments they are playing and asks the magicians what they are chanting. (iii) Spells for aeons to come mean the magical spells used by the magicians to charm everyone till eternity with their chanting. (iv) The whole poem is Indian in context and presentation as it depicts the beauty and vibrance of a traditional Indian bazaar. The landscape, the characters, the images and the background is typically Indian — such as: (a) the mention of dresses worn by Indians such as turbans and tunics. (b) the gold ornaments worn by Indians like wristlets, anklets, rings and girdles. (c) the musical instruments played by Indians like sitar, sarangi and drums. (d) the food items like lentil and rice and spices and fruits like lemons, pomegranates and plums. (e) the use of fresh ? owers on both happy and sad occasions. (v) The magicians are present in the bazaar for chanting magical spells to charm the customers. (vi) The panoramic view of the Indian bazaars presented in the poem with its hues of colour, sounds, smells and sights has appealed  to me the most because it gives a glimpse of the Indian culture, society and prosperity. IN THE BAZAARS OF HYDERABAD 14 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) V. (i) The poet has highlighted the occupation of simple folks in India like the merchants, pedlars, vendors, fruit sellers, goldsmiths, musicians, magicians and ? ower girls. (ii) The ? owers are used on happy occasions like wedding for making garlands for the bridegroom and to decorate his nuptial bed. The ? owers are used on sad occasions such as death to pay the last respects by placing ? owers on the dead bodies or the graves. (iii) Crowns, chaplets and garlands were used for making garlands for the bridegroom and for decorating his nuptial bed. (iv) ‘Tassels of azure and red’ mean ornamental threads of sky-blue and red colour tied at one end to make garlands and nuptial beds for the bridegroom. (v) â€Å"To perfume the sleep of the dead† mean to place sheets of freshly gathered ? owers on the dead bodies or on the graves, which give pleasant smell. I. (i) The soldier boy was sitting underneath a tree during the war because he was fatally wounded and could not get up. (ii) The soldier was sitting calmly because he was fatally injured  during the war, was thirsty and could not get any help from anybody around. (iii) The soldier asked the narrator to come near him because he was thirsty and needed a sip of water. (iv) The battle had been long and hard can be discerned from the deep craters in the earth and the number of dead bodies of the soldiers, which the narrator could see lying all around. (v) In the above extract, the poet wants to convey the horrors of war and the agony of the soldiers, who ? ght it out on the battle? eld. II. (i) The narrator has been referred to by the soldier as ‘Sir’. He was on the battle? eld at that time. (ii) The soldier, according to the narrator, ‘smiled as best he could’ to hide his pain and suffering from him. It shows the spirit of a soldier, who gives up his life for his country, with a smile on his face. 15 (iii) The soldier wanted â€Å"A sip of water† because he was thirsty and fatigued for he had fought a long and tough battle throughout the night and was fatally wounded. (iv) The soldier could not take any rest because he had been ? ghting continuously day and night against the enemy. It tells us about the horrors of war and pain and suffering the soldiers had to endure on the battle? eld. (v) The soldier was having a pain in his chest because of the wound he had sustained during the ? ght on the battle? eld. Being a true soldier, who considers everything smaller than his duty for his country, the soldier called it as ‘small pain’. Further, in comparison to the soldiers, who had received larger wounds and had succumbed to their injuries on the battle? eld, his was a small pain. III. (i) The large stain on the soldier’s shirt was caused by a wound he received while ? ghting on the battle? eld. (ii) ‘warm blood mixed in with Asian dirt’ refers to the blood oozing  out from the wounds of the soldier and mixing with the dirt of the Asian soil as the war was being fought in Asia. (iii) By saying â€Å"Not much†, the soldier wanted to say that his wound was nothing in comparison to the wounds suffered by his fellow soldiers, who succumbed to their injuries. He said so because he was still alive. (iv) The soldier considered himself more lucky than his fellow soldiers because they died of the injuries sustained during the war, while he was still alive. IV. (i) The soldier was feeling weak and said that his weakness must be due to fatigue. His fatigue was caused by ? ghting day and  night on the battle? eld. (ii) The soldier smiled weakly because he had sustained fatal wounds and was in pain. It shows that though the soldier was in pain, he was trying to hide his suffering in the true spirit of a soldier. (iii) The soldier felt that he was getting old because he found himself weak and fatigued after battling it out on the warfront. (iv) The soldier felt cold despite the shining sun because the light of his life was fading, i. e. , he was about to die due to the fatal wounds that he had received on the battle? eld. (v) ‘The night exploded’ means that an explosion took place at night. As a result of the explosion the soldier got fatal wounds on his SMALL PAIN IN MY CHEST 16 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) body, whereas a number of his fellow soldiers died because of the injuries sustained during the explosion. V. (i) The narrator described the soldier’s smile as the brightest that he has ever seen because the soldier wanted to express his gratitude to the narrator for providing water to him as well as to hide the pain he was enduring. (ii) The soldier was suffering from fatal physical injuries sustained during the explosion at night on the battle ? eld. Due to these injuries he was feeling physically weak and fatigued. (iii) The soldier considered it silly to be defeated by a small pain in his chest because he was a young, healthy man, full of energy and enthusiasm, who could have defeated even death. (iv) The soldier felt ashamed of himself to think about his wife’s reaction when she would see her husband, a strong and grown up man, sitting there defeated. He felt that his mother would never have imagined during his childhood that one day his son would be sitting on the battle? eld, defeated by a small pain in his chest. (v) ‘HERE’ refers to the battle? eld. The soldier was undergoing a mental pain at the thought of the reaction his wife and mother would have on seeing him sitting defeated on the battle? eld. VI. (i) The soldier felt that it was getting dark earlier than it used to be because the light of his life was fading, as he was slowly losing consciousness because of the fatal injuries sustained on the battle? eld and seeing the darkness all around him. (ii) ‘He’ refers to the soldier. He winced up at the sun with an expression of pain on his face to ? nd out why was it getting  dark so early despite the shining sun. (iii) (a) In the given line, the soldier told the narrator that before he would start his journey further, he would like to take a little rest. It signi? es the soldier’s spirit to continue his duty after taking little rest. It is also symbolic of the ? nal journey, i. e. , death, towards which the soldier was heading. (b) The narrator said â€Å"I think I must have cried†. He said so because he could not recall what was his reaction when the wounded soldier died in front of his eyes. It signi? es that the narrator was petri?  ed on seeing the horrifying death of the soldier. (iv) When the narrator pulled the soldier towards himself he felt the wound in his chest and the gravity of the pain the soldier was enduring. 17 (v) The narrator said that he had a large wound in his heart compared to the small one in the soldier’s heart because he was hurt by the suffering of the dead soldier, and felt the guilt on the part of humanity at not being able to give up war and thereby, end the suffering of the soldiers. VII. (i) The expression ‘Asian dirt’ means Asian soil and this indicates that the war was fought in Asia. The two hardships experienced by the soldier included: (a) The physical pain caused by the fatal wounds sustained on the battle? eld. (b) The emotional agony at being lonely and surrounded by dead bodies and the thought of his family’s reaction on seeing him defeated. (ii) Despite sustaining fatal injuries during the war, the soldier did not leave the battle? eld because he considered it at his duty to continue the ? ght till the end and die smiling while performing his duty in the true spirit of a soldier. (iii) The phrase â€Å"a small pain in my chest† is a refrain which is  repeated throughout the poem to emphasise the pain and suffering a soldier undergoes on the battle? eld. (iv) Yes, indeed the poem has a poignant ending. It makes the readers—(i) feel the agony a soldier endures on the battle? eld; and (ii) realise the horrors of war and the need to give up wars for the sake of humanity. (v) Small Pain in My Chest is an anti-war poem that describes the horrors of war and conveys the message to shun hatred and warfare. I. (i) The speaker wants to say that all his children, i. e. , his sons are economically well off and his two daughters are happily married. (ii) By saying, â€Å"Both have cars†, the speaker wants to convey that both his sons are well off and have a status in society. It conveys that in Indian society the worth of an individual is measured more by his ? nancial status than anything else. (iii) The â€Å"other† is a reference for the speaker’s third son. The speaker says that he is not doing â€Å"so well† because in comparison to his THE PROFESSOR 18 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) other two sons, who have managerial jobs and are economically well off, he is not as successful as they are. (iv) By saying, â€Å"Every family must have black sheep†, the speaker  intends to say that in every family there is a person, who is different from the rest of the family and is an embarrassment to the family. The speaker considered his third son as the black sheep in his family because he was not as well off as his other two sons. (v) The extract shows that Indians value economic success more than academic success through the speaker’s attitude, who measures the success of his two sons by their managerial jobs and the cars they owned. II. (i) Sarala and Tarala are the speaker’s daughters. The practice of giving rhyming names to the siblings like ‘Sarala and Tarala’ is shown in this extract. (ii) The speaker says that his two daughters ‘Sarala and Tarala’ are happily married to nice boys. The speaker’s comment about the marriage of Sarala and Tarala hints at the gender bias prevalent in Indian society, which considers the success of a man by his economic status and a woman’s by getting married to a nice boy. (iii) By saying, â€Å"How many issues you have†, the speaker wants to enquire from his student about the number of children he has. He is directing this question to his former student. (iv) In reply to his former student’s remark that he has three children, the speaker says â€Å"That is good†. The speaker considers his student having three children as â€Å"good†. (v) The speaker is not against family planning. The irony in this statement is the fact that though the speaker says that he is not against family planning, yet he feels proud at having eleven grandchildren. (vi) The poem The Professor is a satire on the urban Indian way of life as it satirises: (a) the urban Indian society, which measures the success of a man by his economic success rather than his academic excellence. (b) gender bias present in Indian society which believes that woman should be happily married and con? ned within the.

A Case Study of Afghan Women’s Rights Essay

Afghanistan has experienced almost three decades of continuous conflict, which has undermined the physical and sexual security of Afghan women in rural as well as urban environments. In a historical analysis, rape prevalence and sexual violence are directly related to ethnic conflict and warring factions. The International Coalition has exacerbated the problem of warlord-dominance in the countryside by utilizing Northern Alliance militias in the â€Å"War on Terror.† These militias have records of extensive human rights abuses and war crimes, including the perpetration of systemic rape campaigns for ethnic-cleansing. Human rights abuses force Afghan women to live in terror.1 Sixteen-year-old Nazia’s family wedded her to a forty-year-old man, Mumtaz, in September 2007.2 Two weeks later, her husband beat her for no obvious reason. 3 Mumtaz had become suspicious that Nazia met other men secretly, so he beat her until she fainted See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay .4 He tied her down and broke her teeth with a stone.5 He poured boiling water on her feet.6 When Nazia subsequently did not cook dinner for him because she could not stand, he tied her up and beat her again.7 While enduring the violence, she felt an excruciating pain in her left and right ears and tasted blood flowing down her face.8 Mumtaz had cut off her ears and her nose with hisknife.9 Nazia’s story, told from her hospital bed in Qalat,Afghanistan, 10 serves as an example of the plight of women in Afghanistan11 and the human rights violations targeted atwomen.12 Human rights abuses against Afghan women occur daily.13 Women face punishment such as public whippings, stonings, and imprisonment for inadvertently exposing their ankles or for wearing brightly colored shoes.’ 14 Although Afghanistan’s current constitution,15 and the international treaties 16 to which Afghanistan is a signatory, enumerate equal rights for women and men, 17 poor law enforcement, lack of awareness about women’s rights,and conservative traditions 18 prevent the promise of equal rights from becoming a reality.19 Despite these guarantees of women’s fundamental rights, significant challenges remain for Afghan women in terms of implementing the constitutional provisions, and reconciling the more conservative and male-dominated aspects of Afghan society with culturally pragmatic conceptions of gender equality.20 The 2003 Constitution also requires that Afghanistan abide by international conventions that it has signed,21 including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (â€Å"CEDAW†),22 yet Afghan women and girls continue to suffer from entrenched discrimination throughout the country. 23 As a result, Afghanistan is currently a haven for severe human rights abuses against women and girls.24 Women are the victims of discrimination and human rights abuses because Islamic societies often interpret human rights for women to conflict with Islamic law. 25 Afghanistan is one of these societies.26 Despite equal rights for women and men written in the 2003 Constitution, Afghan women are not afforded rights equal to men in practice, and they presently live in terror. 27 This comment addresses gender rights in Afghanistan, focusing on continuing human rights violations28 despite Afghanistan’s international treaty obligations 29 and prohibitions against discrimination in the 200 3 Afghan Constitution. A member of the Bamyan Provincial Council, Wahidi Beheshti, is accused of killing a young girl named Shakila on January 22 this year in his own house in Bamyan province. She had been raped by Beheshti and then killed with a gun of his bodyguard. Beheshti’s family claimed Shakila had committed suicide; however forensics proved that she had been killed. Wahidi Beheshti denied any involvement in the matter but the police had also said that Shakila had been killed with a gun of Beheshti’s bodyguard Qurban. Also the forensics who performed the postmortem said they had found evidence that Shakila had been raped by Beheshti before she was killed. According to Mohammad Alam, Shakila’s brother, both Beheshti and his nephew Abdul Wahab were present at the scene of the murder but both denied their presence. He had told Bokhdi News Agency, â€Å"Wahidi Beheshti threatened my family by phone several times and demanded that we cooperate with them so that the matter is resolve d quietly. He promised in his phone calls that he will pay the court money to free Qurban (accused of murder) and wrap up the matter in whatever way possible.† Wahidi Beheshti’s brother Fokori Beheshti is a member of the parliament and his father was a strongman in the area during the 1990s. The case is under deliberation in a court in Bamyan province but Beheshti’s powerful brother and friends are trying to free him by any means possible. According to sources Fokori Beheshti, Said Hussain Anwari and Said Alimi Balkhi (all members of the national assembly) have pressurized the police forensics not to present evidence of Shakila’s rape by Wahidi Beheshti to the court. In a country where so-called lawmakers rape and kill an innocent girl, it is only natural to expect obstruction of justice. There are thousands of Shakilas who die victims or live a life of pain and sufferings, and hundreds of Beheshtis who roam about freely thanks to the impunity given to them by cruel local commanders, misogynist lawmakers and judges, and ultimately the corrupt mafia government.30 During the consultations, a majority of women expressed that they have not meaningfully participated in planning for the Security Transition. In the provinces where Transition has yet to officially start, women do not believe they will be involved in consultations to determine future plans, steps, and activities associated with the transfer of security authority. Recent consultations also revealed that women do not feel that Afghan National Security Forces are responsive to women’s needs and do not uphold human rights standards. Women perceive Afghan National Security Forces as not having the full capacity and expertise necessary to address the security needs of Afghan citizens, especially women and children. They also believe that in recent years, little attention has been given to build the capacity of ANSF to improve civilian adherence to existing laws and advance rule of law by demonstrating that people who violate laws will be punished. However, women still expressed a strong interest in the international community continuing to work to build the capacity and adequately resource the ANSF. Policy makers in Afghanistan reiterate again and again that transition is not about military and security matters alone, however practical experience on the ground shows that there isn’t adequate attention paid to improving rule of law, governance, and access to justice. Similarly, it is unclear how such processes are impacting women’s security. Transition should start from a citizen-articulated vision in which women and men of Afghanistan take responsibility for their better future. The road map for the exit of international forces is necessary; however, an accelerated withdrawal will jeopardize the investments of human life and material resources generously contributed by more than 40 nations, not to mention the numerous casualties of Afghan National Security Forces and enormous sacrifice by the this country’s women, men and children. Women organizations and activists have better access to local communities and are aware about the challenges and causes of insecurity in their communities; therefore they should be consulted and included to ensure that security and transition plans are implemented successfully. BACKGROUND A. Treatment of Women in Afghanistan from the Rule of the Soviet Union to the Present Following civil war in Afghanistan in 1978, the Soviet Union took control of Afghanistan and created many opportunities for women,including aggressive literacy programs.31 Under the Soviet Union’s Communist regimefrom 1979 to 1992, Afghan women enjoyed equal rights and social, economic, and political freedom.32 In the 1980s, the Communists enforced equal rights for women and men in a civil-war-torn Afghanistan.33 As a result, women held a greater number of business, law enforcement, and Parliament positions than they did prior to the civil war. 34 Furthermore, education and employment became more socially acceptable for women.35 As a result, women assumed positions as lawyers, entertainers, and doctors.36 As part of this greater freedom, women saw more educational, employment, and professional opportunities. 37 In 1979, female students even outnumbered male students at universities.38In 1992, 39 the Communist regime fell and the Islamic State of Afghanistan assumed control.40 Subsequently, the â€Å"rights and dignity of women went out the window 41 The 1977 constitution that guaranteed equal rights for women and men was â€Å"thrown out 42 The Islamic State of Afghanistan began to remove women’s rights systematically, and institutionalized various violations against women.43 In 1993, the Islamic State of Afghanistan ruled women must be completely covered, women could not wear perfume or makeup, and women’s freedom and mobility would be restricted.44The justification for these rulings was that men become too excited by women and are tempted to stray from the Islamic way of life, and the restrictions on women reduce this temptation.45 In addition, other, more violent human rights abuses towards women occurred under the Islamic State of Afghanistan, such as torture, rape, and sexual abuse.46 Interestingly, also in 1993, as part of the Vienna Declaration,47 Afghanistan formally reaffirmed its â€Å"faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, and in the equal rights of men and women 48 The Vienna Declaration also stressed the importance of eliminating violence against women and â€Å"any conflicts that may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism.49 Despite Afghanistan’s part in the Vienna Declaration, human rights abuses against women continued as the Taliban 50 emerged as a volatile presence in Afghanistan.51 Taliban rule, which lasted from 1996 to 2001,52 resulted in major setbacks for women.53 The Taliban developed as a political-religious force,54 and eventually seized the cities of Kandahar in 1994, Herat in 1995, and Kabul, Afghanistan’s capital, in 1996.55 Before the Taliban captured Kabul, women made up seventy percent of teachers, forty percent of doctors, and generally worked in all areas of employment.56 After the Taliban fully seized power, it severely oppressed women’s rights. 57 The oppressive Taliban policies violated United Nations treaties, but the Taliban asserted that the treaties’ duties were inconsistent with religious law and cultural practices.58 The Taliban began by closing all schools for girls and forbidding women to work outside the house. 59 The Taliban imposed rules on women, restricting their freedom of movement, dress, education, and employment.60 The women and girls who violated these rules received punishments, including beatings on the streets, amputation of limbs, and public executions.61 The Taliban justified its practices in accordance with its interpretation of the Quran,62claiming to follow a pure, fundamentalist Islamic ideology.63 Taliban leaders enforced the law as they saw fit and prohibited differing interpretation. 64 The plight of Afghan women living under the Taliban regime became an issue of global concern. 65 After the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent United States military invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, the Taliban regime collapsed.66 This development presented women with the opportunity to fight for gender equality.67On December 5, 2001, the Bonn Agreements 68 mandated that the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan set up a Constitutional Commission to draft a new constitution.69 The Constitutional Commission’s mandate was to ascertain the Afghan people’s desires, both within the country and abroad, regarding their new constitution.70 The thirty-five member commission drafted the new constitution. 71 Seven of the thirty-five commission members were women, 72 which ensured the â€Å"participation of women in the constitution making process73 As part of the drafting commission, Afghan women w ere finally able to play a role in addressing women’s fundamental rights in the 2003 Constitution.74 INTERNATIONAL POLICY: REVIW AND RECOMMENDATIONS War and political insecurity in Afghanistan are directly related to rape incidence and sexual violence, especially under a free reign of ethnically divided militia factions. By empowering the Northern Alliance militias, the international community has created a long-term institutional problem that will undermine the democratic transition. Not only do these warlords have the military capacity to affect the electoral processes in their localities, but their de facto rule of the countryside also incapacitates the central authority in maintaining effective governance. The preponderance of warlords has also been legitimized through the democratic process, which offers militia commanders an opportunity to engage the political process in an official capacity while secretly maintaining their criminal and military powers. As a result, the international community has made the long-term presence of coalition military forces necessary for maintaining law and order. Because the international community empowered these militias in the War on Terror, the presence of international forces is required to keep the commanders under control, in order to avoid the brutality and violence of the civil war period. The recent decision by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to increase the number of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops to expand the international mission into the unstable countryside is the most recent attempt to bolster the central government’s effectiveness in the rural regions.75 The expanded mission has been hailed as the solution to transition from warlord rule to democratic self-governance. The Canadian military recently announced that its new troop contingent expects to remain in Kandahar province for up to 20 years to help restore the country and prevent another collapse into civil war. These forces are expected to act as a stabilizing force to keep warlords in check. However, a long-term international presence might be alarming to Afghans who have a history of deep xenophobia and hostility towards occupying forces. Furthermore, regional and international power struggles between Pakistan and India, and the USA and Russia have exacerbated Afghanistan’s internal fragmentation, as international military forces continue to mobilize paramilitary groups against their rivals. Afghan people have also grown suspicious of the international humanitarian agenda in Afghanistan, which diverts a majority percentage of international funds to private security and foreign salaries, rather than food, medicine, or other vitally needed supplies for Afghan people. There are four key actions that the International Coalition and civil society actors must consider in order to correct the political chaos that has emerged in the post-Taliban period, which undermines the rights and protection of Afghan women. First, American forces must stop financing militias for use against the Taliban and al-Qaeda in the War on Terror. By utilizing these proxy militias, the international community has disempowered Afghan people and undermined the capacity of the central government to protect its citizens and enforce its laws. The resulting political instability and preponderance of foreign-backed warlords and militia groups in the countryside also directly threatens both the physical and sexual security of rural Afghan women. Second, the warlords that the US-led coalition co-opted during the offensive against the Taliban, who now hold official Parliamentary and Cabinet positions in the central government, must be stripped of their political power in the new democ racy. Furthermore, those warlords accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including sexual abuse, must be brought before both local courts and international tribunals. In order to establish a culture of social reconciliation and peace-building, all human rights violations committed during the four war periods must be resolved through legal and social mechanisms that provide rape victims with the opportunity to seek justice for atrocities perpetrated against them. Traditional values, especially those pertaining to women, the family, and social justice, must be considered in the development of laws that address violence against women. Third, in order to address the survival needs of the majority of Afghan women, international civil society actors must invest in rural development, health, and education, and co-operate with local partner organizations. Currently, international funding for humanitarian assistance is directed primarily towards the more stable and accessible urban envi ronments, where international organizations have developed isolated communities of wealthy ex-patriots. Rampant accusations that non-governmental organizations have squandered Afghanistan’s international funding through dubious projects and lofty salaries for foreign workers must also be investigated, in order to establish legitimacy and accountability within the civil society network. The creation of an internationally-sponsored, government-monitored, socially responsible, and grassroots civil society in rural Afghanistan would empower rural women in their communities and increase the capacity of the central government in the lawless countryside. Fourth, the traditional Islamic culture and values of Afghans must be respected in the development of women’s rights policies. Historically, Afghans have opposed radical changes in women’s social and legal status, especially those that they perceived violated the principles of Islamic law. In order to maintain a semblance of legitimacy with rural peoples, the international community must demonstrate an understanding of and respect for traditional norms and Islamic religious values, including those pertaining to women. By operating within culturally sensitive frameworks, the international community would avoid hostile backlash and better address the needs of Afghan women. The failure of the state of Afghanistan remains the most fundamental obstacle in the promotion of gender equality, as without the strength to enforce domestic legal and political reforms in rural areas, the government is ineffectual in most of the country. The International Coalition in Afghanistan must cease empowering and enabling warlords and militia commanders for convenient military purposes, which fundamentally impedes efforts to bring rapists and human rights violators to justice in local and international arenas. Coalition forces and the international community must also remain conscious of the deep Islamic character of the Afghan people, as it pertains to cultural norms that apply to women, sex, and family relations. The recommendations listed above build upon and supplement the concrete recommendations developed by Afghan women who have advocated for their inclusion in peace and security processes over many years. Each time, women have worked to develop solutions for what needs to be done to improve their situation. AWN brings a number of these recommendations back to the memory of policy makers who may have read Afghan Women Position Paper toward Bonn and Beyond. This is a reflection to evaluate the level of seriousness and attention that might have been put towards the demands of women since September 2011. 1. Women’s organization should be included in designing, monitoring and evaluating indicators that measure the impact of transition on women. Transition decisions should be based, in part, on results of this monitoring. 2. The recruitment of Afghan Local Police (ALP) and other security alternative needs to include a transparent vetting process so that former and current warlords with previous record of human rights violations do not automatically become part of the national forces. A portion of the vetting process should be community based, allowing women’s groups and women from communities to report on the background of the newly enrolled security forces 3. Women leaders in government and civil society are under constant attack, while it is necessary to ensure women’s protection in general, women leaders’ protection needs to be a priority as per their critical role as agents of change in society against conservative elements taking Afghanistan back to 199 0. 4. The Afghan government should have a clear reporting process for the human rights instruments and international laws that it has signed and needs to demonstrate that Afghan laws are not in contradiction with its international legal commitments for women. 5. A joint International Afghanistan War Memory Commission should be created so that the past 30 years of war violations are identified and there is a documentation process as a matter of conflict prevention. Such an investigation does not have to conclude in a legal trial but a memory of war and the beginning of a healing process. Otherwise, the practice of impunity will not unite Afghans towards a rule of law culture. CONCLUSION Afghanistan is still a haven for gender violence and discrimination despite equal rights enumerated in the Afghan Constitution. 76The Afghan Constitution requires that Afghanistan abide by the UDHR, the U.N. Charter, and other international treaties to which Afghanistan is a signatory. 77 However, these rights are unrealized in practice due to problems with the judiciary, such as lack of training and corruption,78 and the lack of awareness among the Afghan people of the law.79 To remedy these problems, Afghanistan should interpret its Constitution in accordance with Islamic laws following the examples of Iran80 and Egypt81 Afghanistan should train the judiciary not only on secular law, but on how to interpret the Constitution and international law in accordance with Sharia. If feasible, respected Islamic judges from Egypt should provide guidance to Afghanistan’s judges.Furthermore, Afghanistan should simultaneously disseminate information like the Bench Book 82 to increase women’s awareness and understanding of their rights and the procedural mechanisms to report infringement upon their rights. As Afghanistan continues to develop and strengthen its legal infrastructure within the framework of Islamic law, progressive interpretation of the Sharia is necessary in order for constitutional laws to be accepted and followed by Muslims.83 As the people of Afghanistan become more aware of the laws that govern their state and as they accept that women’s rights principles can co-exist with Islamic principles, women’s participation in society and politics will improve. This would be a large and overdue step for Afghanistan. References: 1. See Jessica Nash, Editorial, Afghan Women Forced to Live in Terror, W. GEORGIAN, Oct. 17, 2007, http://media.www.thewestgeorgian.com/media/storage/paper523/news/2007/10/1 7/Opinion/Afghan.Women.Forced.To.Live.In.Terror-3035567-page2.shtml. 2. Nazia Afghanistan: â€Å"My Husband Cut off My Ears and Nose and Broke My Teeth,† IRIN NEWS, Dec. 26, 2007, http://www.irinnews.org/HOVReport.aspx?ReportId=76003. 3. Id. 4. Id. 5. Id. 6. Id. 7. Id. 8. Nazia Afghanistan: â€Å"My Husband Cut off My Ears and Nose and Broke My Teeth,† supra note 2. 9. Id. (showing pictures of the mutilation). 10. Id. 11. Michael Stittle, Warlords No Better Than Taliban, Says Afghan MP, CTV NEWS, Nov. 8. 2007, http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071107/Malalai-Joya 071107/20071107/. 12. See Nash, supra note 1. 13. See id. 14. Id. 15. The 502 delegate Loya Jirga (â€Å"Grand Council†) passed the 2003 Afghan Constitution on January 4, 2004, which governs Afghanistan today. JAMES INGALUS, THE NEW AFGHAN CONSTITUTION: A STEP BACKWARDS FOR DEMOCRACY 1-2 (2004), http://www.fpif.org/papers/2004afghanconst.html. 16. See infra notes 105-09 and accompanying text. 17. See infra notes 87-90. 18. Women Workers Exposed to Health Risks in Herat Factories, IRIN NEWS, Oct. 30, 2007, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75048. 19. See, e.g., Nash, supra note 1 (explaining that women’s freedoms are restricted every day in Afghanistan). 20. Horia Mosadiq, The New Afghan Constitution: How Women Succeeded in Ensuring Certain Rights and What Challenges Remain, 3 CRITICAL HALF 28, 28 (2005), available at http://www. womenforwomen.org/news-women-forwomen/ files/crit-half/CHJournalv3.pdf. 21. AFG. CONST. art. 7, available at http://afghanland.com/history/constitution.html. 22. United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: States Parties, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/states.htm (last visited Oct. 18, 2008) [hereinafter CEDAW: States Parties]. 23. Human Rights Watch, More Business Than Usual: The Work Which Awaits the Human Rights Council, Mar. 12, 2007, http://hrw.org/englisb/docs/2007/03/12/sudanl5471.htm [hereinafter HRW, More Business Than Usual]. 24. Id. 25. Katherine M. Weaver, Comment, Women’s Rights and Shari’a Law: A Workable Reality? An Examination of Possible International Human Rights Approaches through the Continuing Reform of the Pakistani Hudood Ordinance, 17 DUKE J. COMP. & INT’L L. 483, 483 (2007). 26. See supra notes 15-21 and accompanying text.27. See Nash, supra note 1. 28. HRW, More Business Than Usual, supra note 23 (â€Å"Afghan women and girls continue to suffer from entrenched discrimination throughout the country.†). 29. CEDAW: States Parties, supra note 22. Afghanistan acceded the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women on March 5, 2003. Id. 30. See http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2012/07/18/a-member-of-bamyan-s-provincial-council-accused-of-raping-and-murdering-a-teenage-girl.html .